GREAT Revolutions, as GREAT international developments, lay emphasis on universal ideas which aim at extra-national and extraterritorial objectives to redeem mankind. These revolutions by offering the idea of redemption and liberation of mankind, announce to the world that liberation and redemption from the existing undesirable condition is on their agenda and by materializing this GREAT goal they will present felicity and happiness to human societies. The present article is an attempt to comparatively study the liberation ideas in the three GREAT revolutions in France, Russia and Iran to find out their similarities and differences. The main question of the present research is: What are the conceptual differences and similarities between redemptive ideas of the three GREAT revolutions? In order to provide answer to this question, the main features of GREAT revolutions will be explained in the light of the conceptual framework of millennialism as well as their redemptive ideas as their ideological and pragmatic sources. The hypothesis of this research is: All GREAT revolutions, despite their fundamental ideological differences, have relatively similar ideas in the field of redemption of mankind.

This paper is an attempt to introduce and review the third piece of the poetic collection of "Imitations of the Koran" by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin which was compiled under the influence of the concepts of the Holy Koran. Using these concepts GREAT RUSSIAN WRITERS have produced immortal works. These series of works, despite their attractions to eastern readers, have not received sufficient attention of Iranian translators and scholars for unknown reasons. The poetry collection of "Imitations of the Koran" by Pushkin is one of its most remarkable and beautiful ones which has been versified under the influence of the concepts of different verses of Surah (chapter) Abas. In this paper, while presenting a concise analysis of Puskhin's life, the RUSSIAN eminent poet of the 19thcentury and analyzing the third piece of the 9-part collection of" Imitations of the Koran" , efforts are made to show how verses of the holy Koran were the source of inspiration and formation of this piece. These poems reflect the psychological conditions of Puskhin in the hard periods of exile in the north of Russia in Mikhailovskaya village. By using the Koran's concepts and versifying these poems, he helped to reinforce his spirit and increase hope for his freedom.      

Introduction: The Eurasian Economic Union is one of the most sophisticated and ambitious international organizations of the post-Soviet space in terms of institutional design and goals. The initiative to achieve regional integration in part of the Central Eurasia is the result of more than two decades of RUSSIAN efforts in forming regional institutions and organizations. This time, Russia, gave up the intention of bring all the former Soviet republics under the umbrella of a single regional organization and preferred to choose those with the least political divergence from Russia and the most economic interdependence with it. So the Eurasian Economic Union might be a useful instrument for deep regional integration unlike its predecessors. Although economic goals and concerns for growth and development have been important throughout all Putin's years, they cannot be considered the only or the most important reason for the emergence of the Eurasian Economic Union. Such an organization, economic functions or at least current economic benefits of which to its most powerful founding member have not yet reached the desired level, is categorically based on a strong intellectual foundation and a long-term vision. Research Question: This article seeks to answer the question of how the perception of Russia's political elites of their country's worthy position in the international system is reflected in the functions of the Eurasian Economic Union as a regional initiative. Research Hypothesis: Eurasian Economic Union is one of the most sophisticated projects which has been designed to represent RUSSIAN self-concept as a GREAT power. Methodology (and Theoretical Framework if there are):Given the nature of the subject under discussion, the present study is a qualitative research that has been written using unresponsive methods of data collection and analysis and relying on the existing quantitative and qualitative data. An analysis of the intellectual roots which have put an impact on the formation of the Eurasian Economic Union has led the author to examine the perception of RUSSIAN political elites of their country's appropriate position in the international system and the schools of thought influencing this perception. The formation of regional organizations and integration projects cannot be explained only by examining material and ideational factors and therefore requires using a combination of theoretical approaches. The concept of "GREAT power" is still widely used to analyze the behavior and foreign policy of certain countries and has not lost its relevance. "GREAT power" is an identity that, for historical reasons, cannot easily be wiped off from the minds of the political elites of some states even despite their severe loss of material resources of power. Most of the GREAT powers of the contemporary world cannot achieve the status of global hegemon. But most of them claim special rights, privileges and responsibilities in certain geographical areas. Mutual recognition of these spheres of influence by other GREAT powers can put a stabilizing effect on the international system. Declining GREAT powers can institutionalize hierarchical orders in their respective region through initiating regional organizations to maintain their sphere of influence. To realize that goal, they can provide more incentives to encourage smaller countries to stay in that regional order. They also may strengthen regional identity and increase economic interdependence among regional countries to bolster their hegemony in that neighborhood. Results and discussion: Russia is the most powerful post-Soviet country in terms of size, military power and economic capabilities. It enjoys a special or strategic relationship with most of the so-called near abroad countries. Russia plays the role of a strategic hub in the post-Soviet region. Active engagement in all regional equations of this part of the globe has been an integral feature of RUSSIAN foreign policy for nearly all post-Soviet years. After several consecutive years of dealing with the reluctance of the Euro-Atlantic bloc to acknowledge its identity as a GREAT power and the mere regional power in the post-Soviet space, Russia has begun to further consolidate and institutionalize this role in Central Eurasia. The establishment of the Eurasian Economic Union can be analyzed in this context. The ideological underpinning of the Eurasian Union is the RUSSIAN-backed vision that seeks to establish a new center of power in a multipolar world. It can be said that this union, despite its problems, is the most effective regional economic projects led by Russia. As has been emphasized in most theories which explain the role of the GREAT powers in the post-bipolar world, almost none of the GREAT powers can have the chance of achieving global hegemony. But most of them want to remain at the top of the hierarchical order in their traditional sphere of influence, and by maintaining this sphere of influence, they can also play a role in the system of GREAT powers' management at the global level. The power exercised in these spheres of influence today is considerably different from the imperial order and normally does not require reliance on hard power or coercion. The GREAT powers are increasingly encouraging the weaker ones to remain in their sphere of influence by creating and strengthening a regional identity based on shared values and common culture and providing public goods for the small powers in that region. Some GREAT powers have convince other GREAT powers to recognize their position and their rights and responsibilities. Russia has been in such a path in recent years. Conclusion: RUSSIAN elites' and public discourse considers this nation a "GREAT power" whose dominance and leadership in a multipolar world is both an inalienable right and an important means of maintaining and consolidating this position. Thus, the institutionalization of this sphere of influence - especially after the numerous transatlantic encroachments on the traditional backyard or near Russia, as well as the West's efforts to force Russia to renounce any claim to membership in the Club of GREAT Powers - is more highlighted on the agenda. The establishment of Eurasian Economic Union is a serious step made by Moscow to institutionalize the RUSSIAN-led regional integration among a group of Central Eurasian countries which on the one hand, are not economically, politically and culturally divergent from Russia, and on the other hand have been reluctant to join those international institutions formed to balance or contain Russia's regional influence. As we move away from the first years of Putin's presidency, we more and more find a Russia which despite siding with the West on many global issues, is unwilling to compromise its regional hegemony.

One of the most important goals of RUSSIAN foreign policy during Putin’ s presidency has been his attempt to revive and return to the superpower status of the Soviet Union era. Therefore Putin as the president of Russia has resorted to actions in foreign policy that have shown an attempt to increase the country’ s power and his willingness to represent Russia as hegemony in international relations. So, in this paper in order to understand RUSSIAN behavior in the field of foreign policy during Putin’ s presidency from 2012 to 2018 which is based on the theoretical framework of Mersheimer regarding the behaviors of GREAT powers, we will examine and implement Putin’ s foreign policy on the basis of Mersheimer’ s indicators. ...

In ancient Persian writings, the words "tarjuman" and "tarjomeh" have been pronounced in various ways, and lexicographers have carved out roots for these two terms. In this issue of "Writingd," nine articles by Ignace J. Gelb are translated, exploring the roots and meanings of the word "tarjuman" in the ancient languages of Sumerian and Akkadian, shedding light on the various forms of this word in its contextual usage during the ancient Near East.

The impact of the Persian WRITERS upon the literary style and tradition of the World`s prominent poets and WRITERS could serve as an interesting and overwhelming subject for comparative studies. Saadi’s Golestan has been a GREAT source of inspiration for many WRITERS around world. This book has served as a source of wisdom and understanding for many WRITERS. His notions of justice, moderation, rationality and humanism have been widely used in the narratives of poetic works of many WRITERS.In his works, Saadi with a special artfulness and deep sensibility, portrays the vicious and virtuous dimensions of human race, and in a witty and skillful manner, in his prose and poetry, demonstrates the behavioral characteristics of all classes of society. The present research attempts to present a brief overview of the Europeans' understanding of the practical dimensions of Saadi’s philosophy, outlook and social morality presented in Golestan. Furthermore, it attempted to analyze the explicit and implicit similarities between the literary features used by German classic WRITERS and Saadi.

According to the author of the article, this study has been organized by comprehensive reference to indexes and the sources of authorities [of Hadith] and intends to prove the hypothesis that there existed collections of Hadith on all the various subject matters before the [compilation of] the Four Books of Hadith and to briefly mention the authors of collections of Hadith on all the various subject matters before Kulayni. A logical classification of traditions on the basis of themes is one of the best ways of [attaining] accurate understanding of Hadiths, [a method] which has been the focus of perennial attention of jurists and scholars of Hadith since a long time ago. On this basis, collections containing Hadiths arranged on theme basis on all the various subject matters had been gradually written until the circumstances for compiling the Four Books of Hadith were made ready at the start of the first half of the fourth century AH. In this paper, the author gives an account of hadith collections such as: al-Jami fi al-Fiqh, al-Jami fi Sa’ir Abwab al-Haram wa al-Halal, Kitab Mubawab fi al-Haram wa al-Halal, al-Jami al-Kabir fi al-Fiqh, Kitab Mubawab fi al-Fara’id, and etc.

After the collapse of the USSR and the development of new Russia, the areas that impacted directly on Russia’ s security, came into a higher significance. The dominance of geopolitical discourse in Russia and a reliance on historical visions made the near abroad doctrine a priority in Russia’ s foreign policy. Russia’ s new security strategy also shifted from a global strategy with restrictive approach to a regional one applying an unrestrictive approach. In order to secure its security in the new era, Russia has defined three security circles which respectively are a) Russia; b) RUSSIAN Federation (Russia plus the autonomous but dependent Republics); c) near abroad (Central Asia). The present paper tries assess the role and nature of RUSSIAN – oriented institutionalism in its policy makings in Central Asia, using Volker Rittberger’ s theory. The authors argue that the three cognitive, hegemonic and question oriented factors of the mentioned theory are all applied in RUSSIAN institutionalism in Central Asia, each with a different weight and effectiveness. In other words, Russia had mostly been focused on the latter two. Using explanatory-analytical methodology and library resources, the authors try to tell why the research findings provide an answer for the mentioned question.